Preface

This page summarizes the grammatical information housed in the interactive Language Gathering & Collection Guide.

The lessons that correspond to this Knowledge Base article are:

This article will cover common grammatical features you might encounter while recording and editing language content.

You will see general examples as well as specific lessons dedicated to particles, verbs, and categories (semantic tags) used on FirstVoices.

These other topics may be interesting for you depending on the scope of your project.

Also feel free to download the Grammar for Advanced Apprentices (from the Mentor-Apprentice Program) for further study:

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Kinds of language information

Every language is made up of certain types of words. In order to be accurate about the language information you enter into FirstVoices, you need to have a basic understanding of some linguistic terms. The main word classes are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, prepositions or postpositions (adpositions), and determiners (which are mainly called particles in FirstVoices).

Each word will have to be tagged with a word class (part of speech). There are basic categories and advanced categories which are the subtypes of the basic categories. You will need to choose an advanced category which best describes the word you are entering. Here are the word classes used in FirstVoices with an explanation of each.

Nouns

These words are people, places, things and ideas.

Example: woman, Vancouver, chair, love

Learn more about nouns

Pronouns

Pronouns are words used in place of a noun, usually referring to people. For example, David is a noun. David is sleeping. But you could also say He is sleeping. The word “he” is a pronoun because it is used in the place of the noun “David”.

The advanced categories of pronouns are:

• pronoun_personal. Most pronouns are personal pronouns. They refer to a person. Examples: I, you, she/he/it, we, you (guys), they, me, you, her/him/it, us, you (guys), them, my, your, her/his/its, our, your, their.

• pronoun_reflexive. Reflexive means doing something to one’s self, so any pronoun with “self” in it is a reflexive pronoun. Examples: myself, yourself, herself/himself/itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves.

• pronoun_reciprocal. Reciprocal means doing something to each other. Examples:
  Florence and Mildred were talking to each other.
  The children kicked the ball to one another

• pronoun_demonstrative. These pronouns point to different things. Examples: this, that, these, those

• pronoun_relative. A relative pronoun refers to another noun or pronoun and connects a phrase (clause) to a sentence. Examples: who, whom, which, that, whoever, whomever, whichever.
  John, who is learning his language, wants to be a teacher.
  The word who refers to the noun John and connects the phrase “who is learning his language” to the rest of the sentence.

Learn more about pronouns

Verbs

Verbs are the action words of the sentence. The action might be physical or mental. Example: run, jump, cook, eat, think, love

In order to understand the advanced categories of verbs, we need to understand a little bit about nouns and verbs and their jobs in sentences. While verbs describe the main action of the sentence, nouns can do a couple different things: they can be a subject or an object. Example:

Subjects are the nouns that are doing the action in the sentence.

Objects are the nouns that are undergoing or receiving the action in the sentence.

This is important to know because verbs may change depending on whether the noun that goes with the verb is the subject or object. A verb like feed is a transitive verb because it is required to have an object. You can’t just say *Jane fed. You have to say who or what Jane fed. You need an object. Other examples are: kiss, kick, fix, watch, give, touch, hold.

On the other hand, some verbs don’t need an object. These are called intransitive verbs. Some examples are: laugh, cry, sneeze, walk, run, grow, rain.

Cecilia laughed. The leaves fell off the trees. The man died.

Learn more about verbs

To make things more complicated, some verbs can be both transitive or intransitive. To eat is an example.

• The baby ate the salmon. (transitive with object the salmon)

• The baby ate. (intransitive with no object)

The advanced choices of verbs are:

• event_activity_verb_like_word_transitive: This is for transitive verbs that require an object.

• event_activity_verb_like_word_intransitive: This is for intransitive verbs that do not require an object.

• event_activity_verb_like_word_reflexive: Reflexive verbs describe actions you do to yourself like shaving or washing.

• event_activity_verb_like_word_reciprocal: Reciprocal verbs describe actions you do to each other like kissing.

• event_activity_verb_like_word: This is a general label if none of the other categories fit.

How do you know how to label verbs like eat when they can be transitive AND intransitive at the same time? That’s why it’s always a good idea to ask for a full sentence with each word so you will be able to categorize each word appropriately according to the context.

Learn more about transitivity

Adjectives and Adverbs

These are describing words.

Adjectives describe nouns. Example: bright, hot, cold, skinny, tall, red, blue

Adverbs describe verbs. Example: quickly, slowly, carefully, never, always

Learn more about adjective & adverbs

Prepositions and Postpositions (Adpositions)

These words usually describe a location or time and they go together with a noun. (They might also be part of the verb.) Pre-positions come before or precede the noun and post-positions come after the noun. If you are not sure if your language has prepositions or postpositions, please ask us.

Example: in, under, on top of, up, down, with, for, to, during

Prepositions are categorized with the basic category preposition and postpositions are categorized as particles with the advanced category particle_postposition. We will be changing this in the future so that they are labeled in the same way.

Learn more about adpositions

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are words that join two sentences, phrases or clauses together.

Examples: and, but, or

I cooked the soup and washed the dishes.

Learn more about conjunctions

Interjections

Interjections are exclamations.

Examples: oh, ah, ow, wow, dear me, yikes

Swear words are generally categorized as interjections.

Learn more about interjections

Particles

Particle refers to a leftover category of words. First, try to see if a word fits in one of the categories above. If not, you might be dealing with a particle. Particles can be words on their own or they can be part of a verb (or other word class) like a prefix, suffix or infix. The advanced categories of particles are:

• particle_postposition: See “prepositions and postpositions” above.

• particle_quantifier: A quantifier tells how much you have of something; it describes a quantity. Some examples:

  • much all/any/some many

  • a little/little/very little enough a few/few

  • a bit (of) more/most a number of

  • a great deal of less/least several

  • a large amount of no/none/not any a large number of

  • a large quantity of a lot of/lots of a great number of

• particle_article_determiner: These words go with nouns. Example: a, an, the. You can also include numbers in this category.

• particle_tense_aspect: Languages have different ways of explaining when something happened. This is called tense. There are three tenses:

Present tense: the action is happening now. I dance.

Past tense: the action already happened. I danced (yesterday).

Future tense: the action will happen in the future. I will dance (tomorrow).

In English, we could call the -ed on the verb danced above a past tense particle. It’s the part of the word that tells us the dancing happened sometime in the past. Some languages even have several different ways of expressing past tense and future tense. For example, if something happened yesterday, you might say it a different way than if you were talking about something that happened long, long ago.

Tense is not the only way to talk about when an action happened. Besides past, present and future, we can talk about doing things often or occasionally or again and again. These specific ways of talking about when an action happened are all types of aspect. The way English expresses aspect is with separate words like adverbs. However, other languages may change the verb in some way to express aspect rather than using extra words like adverbs

Learn more about tense & aspect

So, any words or parts of words that seem to be indicating how (aspect) or when (tense) an action is done can be labelled with particle_tense_aspect

• particle_modal. We can talk about actions that have happened already or are happening now or even in the future but we also talk about actions that might or might not happen and other similar situations. In grammar books, this is called either mood, mode or modality. English tends to use separate words to convey these ideas, usually by using “auxiliary” or “helper” verbs but languages may also change the verb in some way. Examples: may, might, could, should, would, must, want, hope

• particle_adjective and particle_adverb. If adjectives or adverbs (discussed above) are not separate words, they might be part of the verb. You could label them with these categories.

Learn more about particles

Affixes

Words are not the smallest part of language! Words can be made up of smaller meaningful parts. These little word parts are called morphemes. The morpheme that gives the main meaning of the word is called a root. Morphemes that are attached before the root are called prefixes and morphemes that are attached after the root are called suffixes. Sometimes, morphemes go right inside a root and these are called infixes. Linguistic grammars usually use hyphens to show the morphemes inside of words.

Here are some examples:

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It can be helpful to understand how your language puts words together. Languages tend to use some of both, but for example, Wakashan languages mostly use suffixes, whereas Dene languages tend to use prefixes. If you are not sure about your language, ask us.

Learn more about affixes

Question words

Question words are used for asking questions. Examples: who, what, when, where, why, how.

Learn more about question words

Verbs: Getting all of the information that you need

Verbs (action words) are the most important part of most languages and this is especially true when it comes to Indigenous languages spoken in B.C. Whenever you elicit any verb, you should try to get as many forms of the verb as you can.

If a speaker says something and you ask what it means, chances are she or he will say something like “eating, that means eating”. But actually there is a lot more information in the word. Who is eating? When are they eating? There are lots of different ways of saying the same verb. The set of different ways is called a paradigm. It is really important that you try to collect a full paradigm for each verb. This is what we mean:

Present tense paradigm for “to dance”

If you are not sure whether your language has these forms, ask us. If your language doesn’t have them, cross these rows out.

Make sure that you and the speaker you are working with clearly understand what you are eliciting or else you can get into a “who’s on first, what’s on second” situation! For example, if you ask a speaker how to say that you want the form for “you are dancing” they might think you are asking them to say “I am dancing”.

So, at the very least, it would be awesome to elicit at least 6 forms for every verb, the present tense paradigm. It would be even better if you could get the paradigms for past tense and future tense. These are below.

Past tense paradigm of “to dance”

Future tense paradigm of “to dance”

There are many more kinds of paradigms you could work on collecting, especially paradigms having to do with aspect (see above), but this is a good start for now.

Feel free to download the paradigm tables above with three copies of blank paradigm tables for you to fill in:

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Meaning categories (semantic tags)

In addition to the grammatical categories discussed above, it is also useful to tag words in FirstVoices with categories that describe the meaning that a word has.

For example, if you enter the word for dog, you will want to tag it with the categories “Animal” and “Mammal”. Below are examples of potential categories. Language Administrators can add custom categories to your FirstVoices language site.

Since the beginning of 2021, FirstVoices sites do not come with preset meaning categories. This change is meant to provide the creative space for communities to define the categories and distinctions that are meaningful for them. Language administrators can add custom categories to your FirstVoices language site.

More information on how to do that can be found here: Add and edit custom categories

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